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# Compiled Object files, Static and Dynamic libs (Shared Objects)
*.o
*.a
*.so
# Folders
_obj
_test
# Architecture specific extensions/prefixes
*.[568vq]
[568vq].out
*.cgo1.go
*.cgo2.c
_cgo_defun.c
_cgo_gotypes.go
_cgo_export.*
_testmain.go
*.exe
*.test
*.prof

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Copyright (c) 2015, Alex Flint
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

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<h1 align="center">
<img src="./.github/banner.jpg" alt="go-arg" height="250px">
<br>
go-arg
</br>
</h1>
<h4 align="center">Struct-based argument parsing for Go</h4>
<p align="center">
<a href="https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/alexflint/go-arg?badge"><img src="https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/alexflint/go-arg/-/badge.svg" alt="Sourcegraph"></a>
<a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/alexflint/go-arg"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/go.dev-reference-007d9c?logo=go&logoColor=white&style=flat-square" alt="Documentation"></a>
<a href="https://github.com/alexflint/go-arg/actions"><img src="https://github.com/alexflint/go-arg/workflows/Go/badge.svg" alt="Build Status"></a>
<a href="https://codecov.io/gh/alexflint/go-arg"><img src="https://codecov.io/gh/alexflint/go-arg/branch/master/graph/badge.svg" alt="Coverage Status"></a>
<a href="https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/alexflint/go-arg"><img src="https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/alexflint/go-arg" alt="Go Report Card"></a>
</p>
<br>
Declare command line arguments for your program by defining a struct.
```go
var args struct {
Foo string
Bar bool
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
fmt.Println(args.Foo, args.Bar)
```
```shell
$ ./example --foo=hello --bar
hello true
```
### Installation
```shell
go get github.com/alexflint/go-arg
```
### Required arguments
```go
var args struct {
ID int `arg:"required"`
Timeout time.Duration
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
```
```shell
$ ./example
Usage: example --id ID [--timeout TIMEOUT]
error: --id is required
```
### Positional arguments
```go
var args struct {
Input string `arg:"positional"`
Output []string `arg:"positional"`
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
fmt.Println("Input:", args.Input)
fmt.Println("Output:", args.Output)
```
```
$ ./example src.txt x.out y.out z.out
Input: src.txt
Output: [x.out y.out z.out]
```
### Environment variables
```go
var args struct {
Workers int `arg:"env"`
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
fmt.Println("Workers:", args.Workers)
```
```
$ WORKERS=4 ./example
Workers: 4
```
```
$ WORKERS=4 ./example --workers=6
Workers: 6
```
You can also override the name of the environment variable:
```go
var args struct {
Workers int `arg:"env:NUM_WORKERS"`
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
fmt.Println("Workers:", args.Workers)
```
```
$ NUM_WORKERS=4 ./example
Workers: 4
```
You can provide multiple values using the CSV (RFC 4180) format:
```go
var args struct {
Workers []int `arg:"env"`
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
fmt.Println("Workers:", args.Workers)
```
```
$ WORKERS='1,99' ./example
Workers: [1 99]
```
### Usage strings
```go
var args struct {
Input string `arg:"positional"`
Output []string `arg:"positional"`
Verbose bool `arg:"-v,--verbose" help:"verbosity level"`
Dataset string `help:"dataset to use"`
Optimize int `arg:"-O" help:"optimization level"`
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
```
```shell
$ ./example -h
Usage: [--verbose] [--dataset DATASET] [--optimize OPTIMIZE] [--help] INPUT [OUTPUT [OUTPUT ...]]
Positional arguments:
INPUT
OUTPUT
Options:
--verbose, -v verbosity level
--dataset DATASET dataset to use
--optimize OPTIMIZE, -O OPTIMIZE
optimization level
--help, -h print this help message
```
### Default values
```go
var args struct {
Foo string `default:"abc"`
Bar bool
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
```
### Default values (before v1.2)
```go
var args struct {
Foo string
Bar bool
}
arg.Foo = "abc"
arg.MustParse(&args)
```
### Combining command line options, environment variables, and default values
You can combine command line arguments, environment variables, and default values. Command line arguments take precedence over environment variables, which take precedence over default values. This means that we check whether a certain option was provided on the command line, then if not, we check for an environment variable (only if an `env` tag was provided), then if none is found, we check for a `default` tag containing a default value.
```go
var args struct {
Test string `arg:"-t,env:TEST" default:"something"`
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
```
#### Ignoring environment variables and/or default values
The values in an existing structure can be kept in-tact by ignoring environment
variables and/or default values.
```go
var args struct {
Test string `arg:"-t,env:TEST" default:"something"`
}
p, err := arg.NewParser(arg.Config{
IgnoreEnv: true,
IgnoreDefault: true,
}, &args)
err = p.Parse(os.Args)
```
### Arguments with multiple values
```go
var args struct {
Database string
IDs []int64
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
fmt.Printf("Fetching the following IDs from %s: %q", args.Database, args.IDs)
```
```shell
./example -database foo -ids 1 2 3
Fetching the following IDs from foo: [1 2 3]
```
### Arguments that can be specified multiple times, mixed with positionals
```go
var args struct {
Commands []string `arg:"-c,separate"`
Files []string `arg:"-f,separate"`
Databases []string `arg:"positional"`
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
```
```shell
./example -c cmd1 db1 -f file1 db2 -c cmd2 -f file2 -f file3 db3 -c cmd3
Commands: [cmd1 cmd2 cmd3]
Files [file1 file2 file3]
Databases [db1 db2 db3]
```
### Arguments with keys and values
```go
var args struct {
UserIDs map[string]int
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
fmt.Println(args.UserIDs)
```
```shell
./example --userids john=123 mary=456
map[john:123 mary:456]
```
### Custom validation
```go
var args struct {
Foo string
Bar string
}
p := arg.MustParse(&args)
if args.Foo == "" && args.Bar == "" {
p.Fail("you must provide either --foo or --bar")
}
```
```shell
./example
Usage: samples [--foo FOO] [--bar BAR]
error: you must provide either --foo or --bar
```
### Version strings
```go
type args struct {
...
}
func (args) Version() string {
return "someprogram 4.3.0"
}
func main() {
var args args
arg.MustParse(&args)
}
```
```shell
$ ./example --version
someprogram 4.3.0
```
### Overriding option names
```go
var args struct {
Short string `arg:"-s"`
Long string `arg:"--custom-long-option"`
ShortAndLong string `arg:"-x,--my-option"`
OnlyShort string `arg:"-o,--"`
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
```
```shell
$ ./example --help
Usage: example [-o ONLYSHORT] [--short SHORT] [--custom-long-option CUSTOM-LONG-OPTION] [--my-option MY-OPTION]
Options:
--short SHORT, -s SHORT
--custom-long-option CUSTOM-LONG-OPTION
--my-option MY-OPTION, -x MY-OPTION
-o ONLYSHORT
--help, -h display this help and exit
```
### Embedded structs
The fields of embedded structs are treated just like regular fields:
```go
type DatabaseOptions struct {
Host string
Username string
Password string
}
type LogOptions struct {
LogFile string
Verbose bool
}
func main() {
var args struct {
DatabaseOptions
LogOptions
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
}
```
As usual, any field tagged with `arg:"-"` is ignored.
### Supported types
The following types may be used as arguments:
- built-in integer types: `int, int8, int16, int32, int64, byte, rune`
- built-in floating point types: `float32, float64`
- strings
- booleans
- URLs represented as `url.URL`
- time durations represented as `time.Duration`
- email addresses represented as `mail.Address`
- MAC addresses represented as `net.HardwareAddr`
- pointers to any of the above
- slices of any of the above
- maps using any of the above as keys and values
- any type that implements `encoding.TextUnmarshaler`
### Custom parsing
Implement `encoding.TextUnmarshaler` to define your own parsing logic.
```go
// Accepts command line arguments of the form "head.tail"
type NameDotName struct {
Head, Tail string
}
func (n *NameDotName) UnmarshalText(b []byte) error {
s := string(b)
pos := strings.Index(s, ".")
if pos == -1 {
return fmt.Errorf("missing period in %s", s)
}
n.Head = s[:pos]
n.Tail = s[pos+1:]
return nil
}
func main() {
var args struct {
Name NameDotName
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
fmt.Printf("%#v\n", args.Name)
}
```
```shell
$ ./example --name=foo.bar
main.NameDotName{Head:"foo", Tail:"bar"}
$ ./example --name=oops
Usage: example [--name NAME]
error: error processing --name: missing period in "oops"
```
### Custom parsing with default values
Implement `encoding.TextMarshaler` to define your own default value strings:
```go
// Accepts command line arguments of the form "head.tail"
type NameDotName struct {
Head, Tail string
}
func (n *NameDotName) UnmarshalText(b []byte) error {
// same as previous example
}
// this is only needed if you want to display a default value in the usage string
func (n *NameDotName) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
return []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", n.Head, n.Tail)), nil
}
func main() {
var args struct {
Name NameDotName `default:"file.txt"`
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
fmt.Printf("%#v\n", args.Name)
}
```
```shell
$ ./example --help
Usage: test [--name NAME]
Options:
--name NAME [default: file.txt]
--help, -h display this help and exit
$ ./example
main.NameDotName{Head:"file", Tail:"txt"}
```
### Custom placeholders
*Introduced in version 1.3.0*
Use the `placeholder` tag to control which placeholder text is used in the usage text.
```go
var args struct {
Input string `arg:"positional" placeholder:"SRC"`
Output []string `arg:"positional" placeholder:"DST"`
Optimize int `arg:"-O" help:"optimization level" placeholder:"LEVEL"`
MaxJobs int `arg:"-j" help:"maximum number of simultaneous jobs" placeholder:"N"`
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
```
```shell
$ ./example -h
Usage: example [--optimize LEVEL] [--maxjobs N] SRC [DST [DST ...]]
Positional arguments:
SRC
DST
Options:
--optimize LEVEL, -O LEVEL
optimization level
--maxjobs N, -j N maximum number of simultaneous jobs
--help, -h display this help and exit
```
### Description strings
A descriptive message can be added at the top of the help text by implementing
a `Description` function that returns a string.
```go
type args struct {
Foo string
}
func (args) Description() string {
return "this program does this and that"
}
func main() {
var args args
arg.MustParse(&args)
}
```
```shell
$ ./example -h
this program does this and that
Usage: example [--foo FOO]
Options:
--foo FOO
--help, -h display this help and exit
```
Similarly an epilogue can be added at the end of the help text by implementing
the `Epilogue` function.
```go
type args struct {
Foo string
}
func (args) Epilogue() string {
return "For more information visit github.com/alexflint/go-arg"
}
func main() {
var args args
arg.MustParse(&args)
}
```
```shell
$ ./example -h
Usage: example [--foo FOO]
Options:
--foo FOO
--help, -h display this help and exit
For more information visit github.com/alexflint/go-arg
```
### Subcommands
*Introduced in version 1.1.0*
Subcommands are commonly used in tools that wish to group multiple functions into a single program. An example is the `git` tool:
```shell
$ git checkout [arguments specific to checking out code]
$ git commit [arguments specific to committing]
$ git push [arguments specific to pushing]
```
The strings "checkout", "commit", and "push" are different from simple positional arguments because the options available to the user change depending on which subcommand they choose.
This can be implemented with `go-arg` as follows:
```go
type CheckoutCmd struct {
Branch string `arg:"positional"`
Track bool `arg:"-t"`
}
type CommitCmd struct {
All bool `arg:"-a"`
Message string `arg:"-m"`
}
type PushCmd struct {
Remote string `arg:"positional"`
Branch string `arg:"positional"`
SetUpstream bool `arg:"-u"`
}
var args struct {
Checkout *CheckoutCmd `arg:"subcommand:checkout"`
Commit *CommitCmd `arg:"subcommand:commit"`
Push *PushCmd `arg:"subcommand:push"`
Quiet bool `arg:"-q"` // this flag is global to all subcommands
}
arg.MustParse(&args)
switch {
case args.Checkout != nil:
fmt.Printf("checkout requested for branch %s\n", args.Checkout.Branch)
case args.Commit != nil:
fmt.Printf("commit requested with message \"%s\"\n", args.Commit.Message)
case args.Push != nil:
fmt.Printf("push requested from %s to %s\n", args.Push.Branch, args.Push.Remote)
}
```
Some additional rules apply when working with subcommands:
* The `subcommand` tag can only be used with fields that are pointers to structs
* Any struct that contains a subcommand must not contain any positionals
This package allows to have a program that accepts subcommands, but also does something else
when no subcommands are specified.
If on the other hand you want the program to terminate when no subcommands are specified,
the recommended way is:
```go
p := arg.MustParse(&args)
if p.Subcommand() == nil {
p.Fail("missing subcommand")
}
```
### API Documentation
https://godoc.org/github.com/alexflint/go-arg
### Rationale
There are many command line argument parsing libraries for Go, including one in the standard library, so why build another?
The `flag` library that ships in the standard library seems awkward to me. Positional arguments must preceed options, so `./prog x --foo=1` does what you expect but `./prog --foo=1 x` does not. It also does not allow arguments to have both long (`--foo`) and short (`-f`) forms.
Many third-party argument parsing libraries are great for writing sophisticated command line interfaces, but feel to me like overkill for a simple script with a few flags.
The idea behind `go-arg` is that Go already has an excellent way to describe data structures using structs, so there is no need to develop additional levels of abstraction. Instead of one API to specify which arguments your program accepts, and then another API to get the values of those arguments, `go-arg` replaces both with a single struct.
### Backward compatibility notes
Earlier versions of this library required the help text to be part of the `arg` tag. This is still supported but is now deprecated. Instead, you should use a separate `help` tag, described above, which removes most of the limits on the text you can write. In particular, you will need to use the new `help` tag if your help text includes any commas.

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// Package arg parses command line arguments using the fields from a struct.
//
// For example,
//
// var args struct {
// Iter int
// Debug bool
// }
// arg.MustParse(&args)
//
// defines two command line arguments, which can be set using any of
//
// ./example --iter=1 --debug // debug is a boolean flag so its value is set to true
// ./example -iter 1 // debug defaults to its zero value (false)
// ./example --debug=true // iter defaults to its zero value (zero)
//
// The fastest way to see how to use go-arg is to read the examples below.
//
// Fields can be bool, string, any float type, or any signed or unsigned integer type.
// They can also be slices of any of the above, or slices of pointers to any of the above.
//
// Tags can be specified using the `arg` and `help` tag names:
//
// var args struct {
// Input string `arg:"positional"`
// Log string `arg:"positional,required"`
// Debug bool `arg:"-d" help:"turn on debug mode"`
// RealMode bool `arg:"--real"
// Wr io.Writer `arg:"-"`
// }
//
// Any tag string that starts with a single hyphen is the short form for an argument
// (e.g. `./example -d`), and any tag string that starts with two hyphens is the long
// form for the argument (instead of the field name).
//
// Other valid tag strings are `positional` and `required`.
//
// Fields can be excluded from processing with `arg:"-"`.
package arg

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package arg
import (
"encoding"
"encoding/csv"
"errors"
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"path/filepath"
"reflect"
"strings"
scalar "github.com/alexflint/go-scalar"
)
// path represents a sequence of steps to find the output location for an
// argument or subcommand in the final destination struct
type path struct {
root int // index of the destination struct
fields []reflect.StructField // sequence of struct fields to traverse
}
// String gets a string representation of the given path
func (p path) String() string {
s := "args"
for _, f := range p.fields {
s += "." + f.Name
}
return s
}
// Child gets a new path representing a child of this path.
func (p path) Child(f reflect.StructField) path {
// copy the entire slice of fields to avoid possible slice overwrite
subfields := make([]reflect.StructField, len(p.fields)+1)
copy(subfields, p.fields)
subfields[len(subfields)-1] = f
return path{
root: p.root,
fields: subfields,
}
}
// spec represents a command line option
type spec struct {
dest path
field reflect.StructField // the struct field from which this option was created
long string // the --long form for this option, or empty if none
short string // the -s short form for this option, or empty if none
cardinality cardinality // determines how many tokens will be present (possible values: zero, one, multiple)
required bool // if true, this option must be present on the command line
positional bool // if true, this option will be looked for in the positional flags
separate bool // if true, each slice and map entry will have its own --flag
help string // the help text for this option
env string // the name of the environment variable for this option, or empty for none
defaultValue reflect.Value // default value for this option
defaultString string // default value for this option, in string form to be displayed in help text
placeholder string // placeholder string in help
}
// command represents a named subcommand, or the top-level command
type command struct {
name string
aliases []string
help string
dest path
specs []*spec
subcommands []*command
parent *command
}
// ErrHelp indicates that the builtin -h or --help were provided
var ErrHelp = errors.New("help requested by user")
// ErrVersion indicates that the builtin --version was provided
var ErrVersion = errors.New("version requested by user")
// for monkey patching in example and test code
var mustParseExit = os.Exit
var mustParseOut io.Writer = os.Stdout
// MustParse processes command line arguments and exits upon failure
func MustParse(dest ...interface{}) *Parser {
return mustParse(Config{Exit: mustParseExit, Out: mustParseOut}, dest...)
}
// mustParse is a helper that facilitates testing
func mustParse(config Config, dest ...interface{}) *Parser {
p, err := NewParser(config, dest...)
if err != nil {
fmt.Fprintln(config.Out, err)
config.Exit(-1)
return nil
}
p.MustParse(flags())
return p
}
// Parse processes command line arguments and stores them in dest
func Parse(dest ...interface{}) error {
p, err := NewParser(Config{}, dest...)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return p.Parse(flags())
}
// flags gets all command line arguments other than the first (program name)
func flags() []string {
if len(os.Args) == 0 { // os.Args could be empty
return nil
}
return os.Args[1:]
}
// Config represents configuration options for an argument parser
type Config struct {
// Program is the name of the program used in the help text
Program string
// IgnoreEnv instructs the library not to read environment variables
IgnoreEnv bool
// IgnoreDefault instructs the library not to reset the variables to the
// default values, including pointers to sub commands
IgnoreDefault bool
// StrictSubcommands intructs the library not to allow global commands after
// subcommand
StrictSubcommands bool
// Exit is called to terminate the process with an error code (defaults to os.Exit)
Exit func(int)
// Out is where help text, usage text, and failure messages are printed (defaults to os.Stdout)
Out io.Writer
}
// Parser represents a set of command line options with destination values
type Parser struct {
cmd *command
roots []reflect.Value
config Config
version string
description string
epilogue string
// the following field changes during processing of command line arguments
subcommand []string
}
// Versioned is the interface that the destination struct should implement to
// make a version string appear at the top of the help message.
type Versioned interface {
// Version returns the version string that will be printed on a line by itself
// at the top of the help message.
Version() string
}
// Described is the interface that the destination struct should implement to
// make a description string appear at the top of the help message.
type Described interface {
// Description returns the string that will be printed on a line by itself
// at the top of the help message.
Description() string
}
// Epilogued is the interface that the destination struct should implement to
// add an epilogue string at the bottom of the help message.
type Epilogued interface {
// Epilogue returns the string that will be printed on a line by itself
// at the end of the help message.
Epilogue() string
}
// walkFields calls a function for each field of a struct, recursively expanding struct fields.
func walkFields(t reflect.Type, visit func(field reflect.StructField, owner reflect.Type) bool) {
walkFieldsImpl(t, visit, nil)
}
func walkFieldsImpl(t reflect.Type, visit func(field reflect.StructField, owner reflect.Type) bool, path []int) {
for i := 0; i < t.NumField(); i++ {
field := t.Field(i)
field.Index = make([]int, len(path)+1)
copy(field.Index, append(path, i))
expand := visit(field, t)
if expand && field.Type.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
var subpath []int
if field.Anonymous {
subpath = append(path, i)
}
walkFieldsImpl(field.Type, visit, subpath)
}
}
}
// NewParser constructs a parser from a list of destination structs
func NewParser(config Config, dests ...interface{}) (*Parser, error) {
// fill in defaults
if config.Exit == nil {
config.Exit = os.Exit
}
if config.Out == nil {
config.Out = os.Stdout
}
// first pick a name for the command for use in the usage text
var name string
switch {
case config.Program != "":
name = config.Program
case len(os.Args) > 0:
name = filepath.Base(os.Args[0])
default:
name = "program"
}
// construct a parser
p := Parser{
cmd: &command{name: name},
config: config,
}
// make a list of roots
for _, dest := range dests {
p.roots = append(p.roots, reflect.ValueOf(dest))
}
// process each of the destination values
for i, dest := range dests {
t := reflect.TypeOf(dest)
if t.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("%s is not a pointer (did you forget an ampersand?)", t))
}
cmd, err := cmdFromStruct(name, path{root: i}, t)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
// for backwards compatibility, add nonzero field values as defaults
// this applies only to the top-level command, not to subcommands (this inconsistency
// is the reason that this method for setting default values was deprecated)
for _, spec := range cmd.specs {
// get the value
v := p.val(spec.dest)
// if the value is the "zero value" (e.g. nil pointer, empty struct) then ignore
if isZero(v) {
continue
}
// store as a default
spec.defaultValue = v
// we need a string to display in help text
// if MarshalText is implemented then use that
if m, ok := v.Interface().(encoding.TextMarshaler); ok {
s, err := m.MarshalText()
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("%v: error marshaling default value to string: %v", spec.dest, err)
}
spec.defaultString = string(s)
} else {
spec.defaultString = fmt.Sprintf("%v", v)
}
}
p.cmd.specs = append(p.cmd.specs, cmd.specs...)
p.cmd.subcommands = append(p.cmd.subcommands, cmd.subcommands...)
if dest, ok := dest.(Versioned); ok {
p.version = dest.Version()
}
if dest, ok := dest.(Described); ok {
p.description = dest.Description()
}
if dest, ok := dest.(Epilogued); ok {
p.epilogue = dest.Epilogue()
}
}
return &p, nil
}
func cmdFromStruct(name string, dest path, t reflect.Type) (*command, error) {
// commands can only be created from pointers to structs
if t.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("subcommands must be pointers to structs but %s is a %s",
dest, t.Kind())
}
t = t.Elem()
if t.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("subcommands must be pointers to structs but %s is a pointer to %s",
dest, t.Kind())
}
cmd := command{
name: name,
dest: dest,
}
var errs []string
walkFields(t, func(field reflect.StructField, t reflect.Type) bool {
// check for the ignore switch in the tag
tag := field.Tag.Get("arg")
if tag == "-" {
return false
}
// if this is an embedded struct then recurse into its fields, even if
// it is unexported, because exported fields on unexported embedded
// structs are still writable
if field.Anonymous && field.Type.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
return true
}
// ignore any other unexported field
if !isExported(field.Name) {
return false
}
// duplicate the entire path to avoid slice overwrites
subdest := dest.Child(field)
spec := spec{
dest: subdest,
field: field,
long: strings.ToLower(field.Name),
}
help, exists := field.Tag.Lookup("help")
if exists {
spec.help = help
}
// process each comma-separated part of the tag
var isSubcommand bool
for _, key := range strings.Split(tag, ",") {
if key == "" {
continue
}
key = strings.TrimLeft(key, " ")
var value string
if pos := strings.Index(key, ":"); pos != -1 {
value = key[pos+1:]
key = key[:pos]
}
switch {
case strings.HasPrefix(key, "---"):
errs = append(errs, fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s: too many hyphens", t.Name(), field.Name))
case strings.HasPrefix(key, "--"):
spec.long = key[2:]
case strings.HasPrefix(key, "-"):
if len(key) > 2 {
errs = append(errs, fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s: short arguments must be one character only",
t.Name(), field.Name))
return false
}
spec.short = key[1:]
case key == "required":
spec.required = true
case key == "positional":
spec.positional = true
case key == "separate":
spec.separate = true
case key == "help": // deprecated
spec.help = value
case key == "env":
// Use override name if provided
if value != "" {
spec.env = value
} else {
spec.env = strings.ToUpper(field.Name)
}
case key == "subcommand":
// decide on a name for the subcommand
var cmdnames []string
if value == "" {
cmdnames = []string{strings.ToLower(field.Name)}
} else {
cmdnames = strings.Split(value, "|")
}
for i := range cmdnames {
cmdnames[i] = strings.TrimSpace(cmdnames[i])
}
// parse the subcommand recursively
subcmd, err := cmdFromStruct(cmdnames[0], subdest, field.Type)
if err != nil {
errs = append(errs, err.Error())
return false
}
subcmd.aliases = cmdnames[1:]
subcmd.parent = &cmd
subcmd.help = field.Tag.Get("help")
cmd.subcommands = append(cmd.subcommands, subcmd)
isSubcommand = true
default:
errs = append(errs, fmt.Sprintf("unrecognized tag '%s' on field %s", key, tag))
return false
}
}
// placeholder is the string used in the help text like this: "--somearg PLACEHOLDER"
placeholder, hasPlaceholder := field.Tag.Lookup("placeholder")
if hasPlaceholder {
spec.placeholder = placeholder
} else if spec.long != "" {
spec.placeholder = strings.ToUpper(spec.long)
} else {
spec.placeholder = strings.ToUpper(spec.field.Name)
}
// if this is a subcommand then we've done everything we need to do
if isSubcommand {
return false
}
// check whether this field is supported. It's good to do this here rather than
// wait until ParseValue because it means that a program with invalid argument
// fields will always fail regardless of whether the arguments it received
// exercised those fields.
var err error
spec.cardinality, err = cardinalityOf(field.Type)
if err != nil {
errs = append(errs, fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s: %s fields are not supported",
t.Name(), field.Name, field.Type.String()))
return false
}
defaultString, hasDefault := field.Tag.Lookup("default")
if hasDefault {
// we do not support default values for maps and slices
if spec.cardinality == multiple {
errs = append(errs, fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s: default values are not supported for slice or map fields",
t.Name(), field.Name))
return false
}
// a required field cannot also have a default value
if spec.required {
errs = append(errs, fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s: 'required' cannot be used when a default value is specified",
t.Name(), field.Name))
return false
}
// parse the default value
spec.defaultString = defaultString
if field.Type.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
// here we have a field of type *T and we create a new T, no need to dereference
// in order for the value to be settable
spec.defaultValue = reflect.New(field.Type.Elem())
} else {
// here we have a field of type T and we create a new T and then dereference it
// so that the resulting value is settable
spec.defaultValue = reflect.New(field.Type).Elem()
}
err := scalar.ParseValue(spec.defaultValue, defaultString)
if err != nil {
errs = append(errs, fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s: error processing default value: %v", t.Name(), field.Name, err))
return false
}
}
// add the spec to the list of specs
cmd.specs = append(cmd.specs, &spec)
// if this was an embedded field then we already returned true up above
return false
})
if len(errs) > 0 {
return nil, errors.New(strings.Join(errs, "\n"))
}
// check that we don't have both positionals and subcommands
var hasPositional bool
for _, spec := range cmd.specs {
if spec.positional {
hasPositional = true
}
}
if hasPositional && len(cmd.subcommands) > 0 {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s cannot have both subcommands and positional arguments", dest)
}
return &cmd, nil
}
// Parse processes the given command line option, storing the results in the field
// of the structs from which NewParser was constructed
func (p *Parser) Parse(args []string) error {
err := p.process(args)
if err != nil {
// If -h or --help were specified then make sure help text supercedes other errors
for _, arg := range args {
if arg == "-h" || arg == "--help" {
return ErrHelp
}
if arg == "--" {
break
}
}
}
return err
}
func (p *Parser) MustParse(args []string) {
err := p.Parse(args)
switch {
case err == ErrHelp:
p.WriteHelpForSubcommand(p.config.Out, p.subcommand...)
p.config.Exit(0)
case err == ErrVersion:
fmt.Fprintln(p.config.Out, p.version)
p.config.Exit(0)
case err != nil:
p.FailSubcommand(err.Error(), p.subcommand...)
}
}
// process environment vars for the given arguments
func (p *Parser) captureEnvVars(specs []*spec, wasPresent map[*spec]bool) error {
for _, spec := range specs {
if spec.env == "" {
continue
}
value, found := os.LookupEnv(spec.env)
if !found {
continue
}
if spec.cardinality == multiple {
// expect a CSV string in an environment
// variable in the case of multiple values
var values []string
var err error
if len(strings.TrimSpace(value)) > 0 {
values, err = csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(value)).Read()
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf(
"error reading a CSV string from environment variable %s with multiple values: %v",
spec.env,
err,
)
}
}
if err = setSliceOrMap(p.val(spec.dest), values, !spec.separate); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf(
"error processing environment variable %s with multiple values: %v",
spec.env,
err,
)
}
} else {
if err := scalar.ParseValue(p.val(spec.dest), value); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("error processing environment variable %s: %v", spec.env, err)
}
}
wasPresent[spec] = true
}
return nil
}
// process goes through arguments one-by-one, parses them, and assigns the result to
// the underlying struct field
func (p *Parser) process(args []string) error {
// track the options we have seen
wasPresent := make(map[*spec]bool)
// union of specs for the chain of subcommands encountered so far
curCmd := p.cmd
p.subcommand = nil
// make a copy of the specs because we will add to this list each time we expand a subcommand
specs := make([]*spec, len(curCmd.specs))
copy(specs, curCmd.specs)
// deal with environment vars
if !p.config.IgnoreEnv {
err := p.captureEnvVars(specs, wasPresent)
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
// determine if the current command has a version option spec
var hasVersionOption bool
for _, spec := range curCmd.specs {
if spec.long == "version" {
hasVersionOption = true
break
}
}
// process each string from the command line
var allpositional bool
var positionals []string
// must use explicit for loop, not range, because we manipulate i inside the loop
for i := 0; i < len(args); i++ {
arg := args[i]
if arg == "--" {
allpositional = true
continue
}
if !isFlag(arg) || allpositional {
// each subcommand can have either subcommands or positionals, but not both
if len(curCmd.subcommands) == 0 {
positionals = append(positionals, arg)
continue
}
// if we have a subcommand then make sure it is valid for the current context
subcmd := findSubcommand(curCmd.subcommands, arg)
if subcmd == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid subcommand: %s", arg)
}
// instantiate the field to point to a new struct
v := p.val(subcmd.dest)
if v.IsNil() {
v.Set(reflect.New(v.Type().Elem())) // we already checked that all subcommands are struct pointers
}
// add the new options to the set of allowed options
if p.config.StrictSubcommands {
specs = make([]*spec, len(subcmd.specs))
copy(specs, subcmd.specs)
} else {
specs = append(specs, subcmd.specs...)
}
// capture environment vars for these new options
if !p.config.IgnoreEnv {
err := p.captureEnvVars(subcmd.specs, wasPresent)
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
curCmd = subcmd
p.subcommand = append(p.subcommand, arg)
continue
}
// check for special --help and --version flags
switch arg {
case "-h", "--help":
return ErrHelp
case "--version":
if !hasVersionOption && p.version != "" {
return ErrVersion
}
}
// check for an equals sign, as in "--foo=bar"
var value string
opt := strings.TrimLeft(arg, "-")
if pos := strings.Index(opt, "="); pos != -1 {
value = opt[pos+1:]
opt = opt[:pos]
}
// lookup the spec for this option (note that the "specs" slice changes as
// we expand subcommands so it is better not to use a map)
spec := findOption(specs, opt)
if spec == nil || opt == "" {
return fmt.Errorf("unknown argument %s", arg)
}
wasPresent[spec] = true
// deal with the case of multiple values
if spec.cardinality == multiple {
var values []string
if value == "" {
for i+1 < len(args) && !isFlag(args[i+1]) && args[i+1] != "--" {
values = append(values, args[i+1])
i++
if spec.separate {
break
}
}
} else {
values = append(values, value)
}
err := setSliceOrMap(p.val(spec.dest), values, !spec.separate)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("error processing %s: %v", arg, err)
}
continue
}
// if it's a flag and it has no value then set the value to true
// use boolean because this takes account of TextUnmarshaler
if spec.cardinality == zero && value == "" {
value = "true"
}
// if we have something like "--foo" then the value is the next argument
if value == "" {
if i+1 == len(args) {
return fmt.Errorf("missing value for %s", arg)
}
if !nextIsNumeric(spec.field.Type, args[i+1]) && isFlag(args[i+1]) {
return fmt.Errorf("missing value for %s", arg)
}
value = args[i+1]
i++
}
err := scalar.ParseValue(p.val(spec.dest), value)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("error processing %s: %v", arg, err)
}
}
// process positionals
for _, spec := range specs {
if !spec.positional {
continue
}
if len(positionals) == 0 {
break
}
wasPresent[spec] = true
if spec.cardinality == multiple {
err := setSliceOrMap(p.val(spec.dest), positionals, true)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("error processing %s: %v", spec.field.Name, err)
}
positionals = nil
} else {
err := scalar.ParseValue(p.val(spec.dest), positionals[0])
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("error processing %s: %v", spec.field.Name, err)
}
positionals = positionals[1:]
}
}
if len(positionals) > 0 {
return fmt.Errorf("too many positional arguments at '%s'", positionals[0])
}
// fill in defaults and check that all the required args were provided
for _, spec := range specs {
if wasPresent[spec] {
continue
}
name := strings.ToLower(spec.field.Name)
if spec.long != "" && !spec.positional {
name = "--" + spec.long
}
if spec.required {
if spec.short == "" && spec.long == "" {
msg := fmt.Sprintf("environment variable %s is required", spec.env)
return errors.New(msg)
}
msg := fmt.Sprintf("%s is required", name)
if spec.env != "" {
msg += " (or environment variable " + spec.env + ")"
}
return errors.New(msg)
}
if spec.defaultValue.IsValid() && !p.config.IgnoreDefault {
// One issue here is that if the user now modifies the value then
// the default value stored in the spec will be corrupted. There
// is no general way to "deep-copy" values in Go, and we still
// support the old-style method for specifying defaults as
// Go values assigned directly to the struct field, so we are stuck.
p.val(spec.dest).Set(spec.defaultValue)
}
}
return nil
}
func nextIsNumeric(t reflect.Type, s string) bool {
switch t.Kind() {
case reflect.Ptr:
return nextIsNumeric(t.Elem(), s)
case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64, reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64, reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr:
v := reflect.New(t)
err := scalar.ParseValue(v, s)
return err == nil
default:
return false
}
}
// isFlag returns true if a token is a flag such as "-v" or "--user" but not "-" or "--"
func isFlag(s string) bool {
return strings.HasPrefix(s, "-") && strings.TrimLeft(s, "-") != ""
}
// val returns a reflect.Value corresponding to the current value for the
// given path
func (p *Parser) val(dest path) reflect.Value {
v := p.roots[dest.root]
for _, field := range dest.fields {
if v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
if v.IsNil() {
return reflect.Value{}
}
v = v.Elem()
}
v = v.FieldByIndex(field.Index)
}
return v
}
// findOption finds an option from its name, or returns null if no spec is found
func findOption(specs []*spec, name string) *spec {
for _, spec := range specs {
if spec.positional {
continue
}
if spec.long == name || spec.short == name {
return spec
}
}
return nil
}
// findSubcommand finds a subcommand using its name, or returns null if no subcommand is found
func findSubcommand(cmds []*command, name string) *command {
for _, cmd := range cmds {
if cmd.name == name {
return cmd
}
for _, alias := range cmd.aliases {
if alias == name {
return cmd
}
}
}
return nil
}

112
vendor/github.com/alexflint/go-arg/reflect.go generated vendored Normal file
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package arg
import (
"encoding"
"fmt"
"reflect"
"unicode"
"unicode/utf8"
scalar "github.com/alexflint/go-scalar"
)
var textUnmarshalerType = reflect.TypeOf([]encoding.TextUnmarshaler{}).Elem()
// cardinality tracks how many tokens are expected for a given spec
// - zero is a boolean, which does to expect any value
// - one is an ordinary option that will be parsed from a single token
// - multiple is a slice or map that can accept zero or more tokens
type cardinality int
const (
zero cardinality = iota
one
multiple
unsupported
)
func (k cardinality) String() string {
switch k {
case zero:
return "zero"
case one:
return "one"
case multiple:
return "multiple"
case unsupported:
return "unsupported"
default:
return fmt.Sprintf("unknown(%d)", int(k))
}
}
// cardinalityOf returns true if the type can be parsed from a string
func cardinalityOf(t reflect.Type) (cardinality, error) {
if scalar.CanParse(t) {
if isBoolean(t) {
return zero, nil
}
return one, nil
}
// look inside pointer types
if t.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
t = t.Elem()
}
// look inside slice and map types
switch t.Kind() {
case reflect.Slice:
if !scalar.CanParse(t.Elem()) {
return unsupported, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse into %v because %v not supported", t, t.Elem())
}
return multiple, nil
case reflect.Map:
if !scalar.CanParse(t.Key()) {
return unsupported, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse into %v because key type %v not supported", t, t.Elem())
}
if !scalar.CanParse(t.Elem()) {
return unsupported, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse into %v because value type %v not supported", t, t.Elem())
}
return multiple, nil
default:
return unsupported, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse into %v", t)
}
}
// isBoolean returns true if the type is a boolean or a pointer to a boolean
func isBoolean(t reflect.Type) bool {
switch {
case isTextUnmarshaler(t):
return false
case t.Kind() == reflect.Bool:
return true
case t.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && t.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Bool:
return true
default:
return false
}
}
// isTextUnmarshaler returns true if the type or its pointer implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler
func isTextUnmarshaler(t reflect.Type) bool {
return t.Implements(textUnmarshalerType) || reflect.PtrTo(t).Implements(textUnmarshalerType)
}
// isExported returns true if the struct field name is exported
func isExported(field string) bool {
r, _ := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(field) // returns RuneError for empty string or invalid UTF8
return unicode.IsLetter(r) && unicode.IsUpper(r)
}
// isZero returns true if v contains the zero value for its type
func isZero(v reflect.Value) bool {
t := v.Type()
if t.Kind() == reflect.Ptr || t.Kind() == reflect.Slice || t.Kind() == reflect.Map || t.Kind() == reflect.Chan || t.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
return v.IsNil()
}
if !t.Comparable() {
return false
}
return v.Interface() == reflect.Zero(t).Interface()
}

123
vendor/github.com/alexflint/go-arg/sequence.go generated vendored Normal file
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package arg
import (
"fmt"
"reflect"
"strings"
scalar "github.com/alexflint/go-scalar"
)
// setSliceOrMap parses a sequence of strings into a slice or map. If clear is
// true then any values already in the slice or map are first removed.
func setSliceOrMap(dest reflect.Value, values []string, clear bool) error {
if !dest.CanSet() {
return fmt.Errorf("field is not writable")
}
t := dest.Type()
if t.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
dest = dest.Elem()
t = t.Elem()
}
switch t.Kind() {
case reflect.Slice:
return setSlice(dest, values, clear)
case reflect.Map:
return setMap(dest, values, clear)
default:
return fmt.Errorf("setSliceOrMap cannot insert values into a %v", t)
}
}
// setSlice parses a sequence of strings and inserts them into a slice. If clear
// is true then any values already in the slice are removed.
func setSlice(dest reflect.Value, values []string, clear bool) error {
var ptr bool
elem := dest.Type().Elem()
if elem.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && !elem.Implements(textUnmarshalerType) {
ptr = true
elem = elem.Elem()
}
// clear the slice in case default values exist
if clear && !dest.IsNil() {
dest.SetLen(0)
}
// parse the values one-by-one
for _, s := range values {
v := reflect.New(elem)
if err := scalar.ParseValue(v.Elem(), s); err != nil {
return err
}
if !ptr {
v = v.Elem()
}
dest.Set(reflect.Append(dest, v))
}
return nil
}
// setMap parses a sequence of name=value strings and inserts them into a map.
// If clear is true then any values already in the map are removed.
func setMap(dest reflect.Value, values []string, clear bool) error {
// determine the key and value type
var keyIsPtr bool
keyType := dest.Type().Key()
if keyType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && !keyType.Implements(textUnmarshalerType) {
keyIsPtr = true
keyType = keyType.Elem()
}
var valIsPtr bool
valType := dest.Type().Elem()
if valType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && !valType.Implements(textUnmarshalerType) {
valIsPtr = true
valType = valType.Elem()
}
// clear the slice in case default values exist
if clear && !dest.IsNil() {
for _, k := range dest.MapKeys() {
dest.SetMapIndex(k, reflect.Value{})
}
}
// allocate the map if it is not allocated
if dest.IsNil() {
dest.Set(reflect.MakeMap(dest.Type()))
}
// parse the values one-by-one
for _, s := range values {
// split at the first equals sign
pos := strings.Index(s, "=")
if pos == -1 {
return fmt.Errorf("cannot parse %q into a map, expected format key=value", s)
}
// parse the key
k := reflect.New(keyType)
if err := scalar.ParseValue(k.Elem(), s[:pos]); err != nil {
return err
}
if !keyIsPtr {
k = k.Elem()
}
// parse the value
v := reflect.New(valType)
if err := scalar.ParseValue(v.Elem(), s[pos+1:]); err != nil {
return err
}
if !valIsPtr {
v = v.Elem()
}
// add it to the map
dest.SetMapIndex(k, v)
}
return nil
}

43
vendor/github.com/alexflint/go-arg/subcommand.go generated vendored Normal file
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package arg
import "fmt"
// Subcommand returns the user struct for the subcommand selected by
// the command line arguments most recently processed by the parser.
// The return value is always a pointer to a struct. If no subcommand
// was specified then it returns the top-level arguments struct. If
// no command line arguments have been processed by this parser then it
// returns nil.
func (p *Parser) Subcommand() interface{} {
if len(p.subcommand) == 0 {
return nil
}
cmd, err := p.lookupCommand(p.subcommand...)
if err != nil {
return nil
}
return p.val(cmd.dest).Interface()
}
// SubcommandNames returns the sequence of subcommands specified by the
// user. If no subcommands were given then it returns an empty slice.
func (p *Parser) SubcommandNames() []string {
return p.subcommand
}
// lookupCommand finds a subcommand based on a sequence of subcommand names. The
// first string should be a top-level subcommand, the next should be a child
// subcommand of that subcommand, and so on. If no strings are given then the
// root command is returned. If no such subcommand exists then an error is
// returned.
func (p *Parser) lookupCommand(path ...string) (*command, error) {
cmd := p.cmd
for _, name := range path {
found := findSubcommand(cmd.subcommands, name)
if found == nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("%q is not a subcommand of %s", name, cmd.name)
}
cmd = found
}
return cmd, nil
}

338
vendor/github.com/alexflint/go-arg/usage.go generated vendored Normal file
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package arg
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"strings"
)
// the width of the left column
const colWidth = 25
// Fail prints usage information to stderr and exits with non-zero status
func (p *Parser) Fail(msg string) {
p.FailSubcommand(msg)
}
// FailSubcommand prints usage information for a specified subcommand to stderr,
// then exits with non-zero status. To write usage information for a top-level
// subcommand, provide just the name of that subcommand. To write usage
// information for a subcommand that is nested under another subcommand, provide
// a sequence of subcommand names starting with the top-level subcommand and so
// on down the tree.
func (p *Parser) FailSubcommand(msg string, subcommand ...string) error {
err := p.WriteUsageForSubcommand(p.config.Out, subcommand...)
if err != nil {
return err
}
fmt.Fprintln(p.config.Out, "error:", msg)
p.config.Exit(-1)
return nil
}
// WriteUsage writes usage information to the given writer
func (p *Parser) WriteUsage(w io.Writer) {
p.WriteUsageForSubcommand(w, p.subcommand...)
}
// WriteUsageForSubcommand writes the usage information for a specified
// subcommand. To write usage information for a top-level subcommand, provide
// just the name of that subcommand. To write usage information for a subcommand
// that is nested under another subcommand, provide a sequence of subcommand
// names starting with the top-level subcommand and so on down the tree.
func (p *Parser) WriteUsageForSubcommand(w io.Writer, subcommand ...string) error {
cmd, err := p.lookupCommand(subcommand...)
if err != nil {
return err
}
var positionals, longOptions, shortOptions []*spec
for _, spec := range cmd.specs {
switch {
case spec.positional:
positionals = append(positionals, spec)
case spec.long != "":
longOptions = append(longOptions, spec)
case spec.short != "":
shortOptions = append(shortOptions, spec)
}
}
if p.version != "" {
fmt.Fprintln(w, p.version)
}
// print the beginning of the usage string
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Usage: %s", p.cmd.name)
for _, s := range subcommand {
fmt.Fprint(w, " "+s)
}
// write the option component of the usage message
for _, spec := range shortOptions {
// prefix with a space
fmt.Fprint(w, " ")
if !spec.required {
fmt.Fprint(w, "[")
}
fmt.Fprint(w, synopsis(spec, "-"+spec.short))
if !spec.required {
fmt.Fprint(w, "]")
}
}
for _, spec := range longOptions {
// prefix with a space
fmt.Fprint(w, " ")
if !spec.required {
fmt.Fprint(w, "[")
}
fmt.Fprint(w, synopsis(spec, "--"+spec.long))
if !spec.required {
fmt.Fprint(w, "]")
}
}
// When we parse positionals, we check that:
// 1. required positionals come before non-required positionals
// 2. there is at most one multiple-value positional
// 3. if there is a multiple-value positional then it comes after all other positionals
// Here we merely print the usage string, so we do not explicitly re-enforce those rules
// write the positionals in following form:
// REQUIRED1 REQUIRED2
// REQUIRED1 REQUIRED2 [OPTIONAL1 [OPTIONAL2]]
// REQUIRED1 REQUIRED2 REPEATED [REPEATED ...]
// REQUIRED1 REQUIRED2 [REPEATEDOPTIONAL [REPEATEDOPTIONAL ...]]
// REQUIRED1 REQUIRED2 [OPTIONAL1 [REPEATEDOPTIONAL [REPEATEDOPTIONAL ...]]]
var closeBrackets int
for _, spec := range positionals {
fmt.Fprint(w, " ")
if !spec.required {
fmt.Fprint(w, "[")
closeBrackets += 1
}
if spec.cardinality == multiple {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s [%s ...]", spec.placeholder, spec.placeholder)
} else {
fmt.Fprint(w, spec.placeholder)
}
}
fmt.Fprint(w, strings.Repeat("]", closeBrackets))
// if the program supports subcommands, give a hint to the user about their existence
if len(cmd.subcommands) > 0 {
fmt.Fprint(w, " <command> [<args>]")
}
fmt.Fprint(w, "\n")
return nil
}
// print prints a line like this:
//
// --option FOO A description of the option [default: 123]
//
// If the text on the left is longer than a certain threshold, the description is moved to the next line:
//
// --verylongoptionoption VERY_LONG_VARIABLE
// A description of the option [default: 123]
//
// If multiple "extras" are provided then they are put inside a single set of square brackets:
//
// --option FOO A description of the option [default: 123, env: FOO]
func print(w io.Writer, item, description string, bracketed ...string) {
lhs := " " + item
fmt.Fprint(w, lhs)
if description != "" {
if len(lhs)+2 < colWidth {
fmt.Fprint(w, strings.Repeat(" ", colWidth-len(lhs)))
} else {
fmt.Fprint(w, "\n"+strings.Repeat(" ", colWidth))
}
fmt.Fprint(w, description)
}
var brack string
for _, s := range bracketed {
if s != "" {
if brack != "" {
brack += ", "
}
brack += s
}
}
if brack != "" {
fmt.Fprintf(w, " [%s]", brack)
}
fmt.Fprint(w, "\n")
}
func withDefault(s string) string {
if s == "" {
return ""
}
return "default: " + s
}
func withEnv(env string) string {
if env == "" {
return ""
}
return "env: " + env
}
// WriteHelp writes the usage string followed by the full help string for each option
func (p *Parser) WriteHelp(w io.Writer) {
p.WriteHelpForSubcommand(w, p.subcommand...)
}
// WriteHelpForSubcommand writes the usage string followed by the full help
// string for a specified subcommand. To write help for a top-level subcommand,
// provide just the name of that subcommand. To write help for a subcommand that
// is nested under another subcommand, provide a sequence of subcommand names
// starting with the top-level subcommand and so on down the tree.
func (p *Parser) WriteHelpForSubcommand(w io.Writer, subcommand ...string) error {
cmd, err := p.lookupCommand(subcommand...)
if err != nil {
return err
}
var positionals, longOptions, shortOptions, envOnlyOptions []*spec
var hasVersionOption bool
for _, spec := range cmd.specs {
switch {
case spec.positional:
positionals = append(positionals, spec)
case spec.long != "":
longOptions = append(longOptions, spec)
case spec.short != "":
shortOptions = append(shortOptions, spec)
case spec.short == "" && spec.long == "":
envOnlyOptions = append(envOnlyOptions, spec)
}
}
if p.description != "" {
fmt.Fprintln(w, p.description)
}
p.WriteUsageForSubcommand(w, subcommand...)
// write the list of positionals
if len(positionals) > 0 {
fmt.Fprint(w, "\nPositional arguments:\n")
for _, spec := range positionals {
print(w, spec.placeholder, spec.help)
}
}
// write the list of options with the short-only ones first to match the usage string
if len(shortOptions)+len(longOptions) > 0 || cmd.parent == nil {
fmt.Fprint(w, "\nOptions:\n")
for _, spec := range shortOptions {
p.printOption(w, spec)
}
for _, spec := range longOptions {
p.printOption(w, spec)
if spec.long == "version" {
hasVersionOption = true
}
}
}
// obtain a flattened list of options from all ancestors
var globals []*spec
ancestor := cmd.parent
for ancestor != nil {
globals = append(globals, ancestor.specs...)
ancestor = ancestor.parent
}
// write the list of global options
if len(globals) > 0 {
fmt.Fprint(w, "\nGlobal options:\n")
for _, spec := range globals {
p.printOption(w, spec)
if spec.long == "version" {
hasVersionOption = true
}
}
}
// write the list of built in options
p.printOption(w, &spec{
cardinality: zero,
long: "help",
short: "h",
help: "display this help and exit",
})
if !hasVersionOption && p.version != "" {
p.printOption(w, &spec{
cardinality: zero,
long: "version",
help: "display version and exit",
})
}
// write the list of environment only variables
if len(envOnlyOptions) > 0 {
fmt.Fprint(w, "\nEnvironment variables:\n")
for _, spec := range envOnlyOptions {
p.printEnvOnlyVar(w, spec)
}
}
// write the list of subcommands
if len(cmd.subcommands) > 0 {
fmt.Fprint(w, "\nCommands:\n")
for _, subcmd := range cmd.subcommands {
names := append([]string{subcmd.name}, subcmd.aliases...)
print(w, strings.Join(names, ", "), subcmd.help)
}
}
if p.epilogue != "" {
fmt.Fprintln(w, "\n"+p.epilogue)
}
return nil
}
func (p *Parser) printOption(w io.Writer, spec *spec) {
ways := make([]string, 0, 2)
if spec.long != "" {
ways = append(ways, synopsis(spec, "--"+spec.long))
}
if spec.short != "" {
ways = append(ways, synopsis(spec, "-"+spec.short))
}
if len(ways) > 0 {
print(w, strings.Join(ways, ", "), spec.help, withDefault(spec.defaultString), withEnv(spec.env))
}
}
func (p *Parser) printEnvOnlyVar(w io.Writer, spec *spec) {
ways := make([]string, 0, 2)
if spec.required {
ways = append(ways, "Required.")
} else {
ways = append(ways, "Optional.")
}
if spec.help != "" {
ways = append(ways, spec.help)
}
print(w, spec.env, strings.Join(ways, " "), withDefault(spec.defaultString))
}
func synopsis(spec *spec, form string) string {
// if the user omits the placeholder tag then we pick one automatically,
// but if the user explicitly specifies an empty placeholder then we
// leave out the placeholder in the help message
if spec.cardinality == zero || spec.placeholder == "" {
return form
}
return form + " " + spec.placeholder
}

24
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# Compiled Object files, Static and Dynamic libs (Shared Objects)
*.o
*.a
*.so
# Folders
_obj
_test
# Architecture specific extensions/prefixes
*.[568vq]
[568vq].out
*.cgo1.go
*.cgo2.c
_cgo_defun.c
_cgo_gotypes.go
_cgo_export.*
_testmain.go
*.exe
*.test
*.prof

24
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Copyright (c) 2015, Alex Flint
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

28
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[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/alexflint/go-scalar?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/alexflint/go-scalar)
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/alexflint/go-scalar.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/alexflint/go-scalar)
[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/alexflint/go-scalar/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/alexflint/go-scalar?branch=master)
[![Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/alexflint/go-scalar)](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/alexflint/go-scalar)
## Scalar parsing library
Scalar is a library for parsing strings into arbitrary scalars (integers,
floats, strings, booleans, etc). It is helpful for tasks such as parsing
strings passed as environment variables or command line arguments.
```shell
go get github.com/alexflint/go-scalar
```
The main API works as follows:
```go
var value int
err := scalar.Parse(&value, "123")
```
There is also a variant that takes a `reflect.Value`:
```go
var value int
err := scalar.ParseValue(reflect.ValueOf(&value), "123")
```

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// Package scalar parses strings into values of scalar type.
package scalar
import (
"encoding"
"errors"
"fmt"
"net"
"net/mail"
"net/url"
"reflect"
"strconv"
"time"
)
// The reflected form of some special types
var (
textUnmarshalerType = reflect.TypeOf([]encoding.TextUnmarshaler{}).Elem()
durationType = reflect.TypeOf(time.Duration(0))
mailAddressType = reflect.TypeOf(mail.Address{})
macType = reflect.TypeOf(net.HardwareAddr{})
urlType = reflect.TypeOf(url.URL{})
)
var (
errNotSettable = errors.New("value is not settable")
errPtrNotSettable = errors.New("value is a nil pointer and is not settable")
)
// Parse assigns a value to v by parsing s.
func Parse(dest interface{}, s string) error {
return ParseValue(reflect.ValueOf(dest), s)
}
// ParseValue assigns a value to v by parsing s.
func ParseValue(v reflect.Value, s string) error {
// If we have a nil pointer then allocate a new object
if v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && v.IsNil() {
if !v.CanSet() {
return errPtrNotSettable
}
v.Set(reflect.New(v.Type().Elem()))
}
// If it implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler then use that
if scalar, ok := v.Interface().(encoding.TextUnmarshaler); ok {
return scalar.UnmarshalText([]byte(s))
}
// If it's a value instead of a pointer, check that we can unmarshal it
// via TextUnmarshaler as well
if v.CanAddr() {
if scalar, ok := v.Addr().Interface().(encoding.TextUnmarshaler); ok {
return scalar.UnmarshalText([]byte(s))
}
}
// If we have a pointer then dereference it
if v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
v = v.Elem()
}
if !v.CanSet() {
return errNotSettable
}
// Switch on concrete type
switch scalar := v.Interface(); scalar.(type) {
case time.Duration:
duration, err := time.ParseDuration(s)
if err != nil {
return err
}
v.Set(reflect.ValueOf(duration))
return nil
case mail.Address:
addr, err := mail.ParseAddress(s)
if err != nil {
return err
}
v.Set(reflect.ValueOf(*addr))
return nil
case net.HardwareAddr:
ip, err := net.ParseMAC(s)
if err != nil {
return err
}
v.Set(reflect.ValueOf(ip))
return nil
case url.URL:
url, err := url.Parse(s)
if err != nil {
return err
}
v.Set(reflect.ValueOf(*url))
return nil
}
// Switch on kind so that we can handle derived types
switch v.Kind() {
case reflect.String:
v.SetString(s)
case reflect.Bool:
x, err := strconv.ParseBool(s)
if err != nil {
return err
}
v.SetBool(x)
case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
x, err := strconv.ParseInt(s, 0, v.Type().Bits())
if err != nil {
return err
}
v.SetInt(x)
case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr:
x, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 0, v.Type().Bits())
if err != nil {
return err
}
v.SetUint(x)
case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
x, err := strconv.ParseFloat(s, v.Type().Bits())
if err != nil {
return err
}
v.SetFloat(x)
default:
return fmt.Errorf("cannot parse into %v", v.Type())
}
return nil
}
// CanParse returns true if the type can be parsed from a string.
func CanParse(t reflect.Type) bool {
// If it implements encoding.TextUnmarshaler then use that
if t.Implements(textUnmarshalerType) || reflect.PtrTo(t).Implements(textUnmarshalerType) {
return true
}
// If we have a pointer then dereference it
if t.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
t = t.Elem()
}
// Check for other special types
switch t {
case durationType, mailAddressType, macType, urlType:
return true
}
// Fall back to checking the kind
switch t.Kind() {
case reflect.Bool:
return true
case reflect.String, reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64,
reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr,
reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
return true
}
return false
}

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# github.com/alexflint/go-arg v1.5.1
## explicit; go 1.18
github.com/alexflint/go-arg
# github.com/alexflint/go-scalar v1.2.0
## explicit; go 1.15
github.com/alexflint/go-scalar